Can the New Apprenticeship Levy Rebuild the Construction Industry?
From 6 April, employers will need to pay 0.5% of any annual wage bill over £3 million into a government scheme to help rebuild the UK’s apprenticeship system and address the looming skills shortage. The plan is certainly ambitious, and it needs to be. Over the last few years many concerns have been raised about the quality and quantity of apprenticeships being undertaken, and as the construction industry continues to clamber out of its deep recession it has found itself without the necessary talent coming through to safeguard its future. The government had to do something, and the new apprenticeship scheme is their solution. But will it work, and will it help the construction industry attract the volume of talent it needs?
A Broken Apprenticeship System
Few would disagree that the apprenticeship scheme was in a bit of a mess. The number of apprentices in comparatively low-skilled sectors such as retail, business and management is far greater than in high-skilled industries like IT, engineering and construction. According to a 2012 report by the Royal Academy of Engineering, by 2020 the UK will require approximately 450,000 new science, engineering and technology technicians. The recruitment of suitably qualified technicians in these fields is expected to fall well below this level, and this huge skills shortage – as well as a desire to create a high-skilled economy – were the driving factor behind the introduction of the new Apprenticeship Levy.
A government report into the number of people starting apprenticeships between 1997 and 2016 reveals that more than half of all apprenticeship starts in 2015/2016 were in two sectors: “Business, Administration & Law”, and “Health, Public Services & Care”. When the “Retail & Commercial Enterprise” sectors are included, these three sectors account for almost 71% of apprenticeship starts. In fourth place is “Engineering & Manufacturing Technology” with 77,000 apprenticeship starts in 2016/2016, while the “Construction, Planning & Built Environment” sector was a distant fifth with just 21,000 apprenticeship starts last year. When these figures are taken into account, it’s clear that the proposed target of 450,000 new science and engineering technicians by 2020 is unlikely to be met.
And it gets worse for the construction industry. A report on apprenticeships by framework produced by the Skills Funding Agency indicates that construction is 8th on the list, well behind the likes customer service, hospitality and catering, business and administration, management, retail and health and social care. This demonstrates a strong preference towards more business-related opportunities, and more and more people are turning to careers in health care and professional services rather than more traditional artisan trades.
The gradual shift from an industrial to a service economy is only part of the reason why so few apprentices view construction and engineering as viable career paths. It is also, in part, an unintended consequence of the way the apprenticeship system was set up. Training providers were incentivised to focus on promoting shorter, easier courses in order to ensure they received the apprenticeship payment. And it’s only by breaking this link between a government-funded system and the apprenticeship system that we can address the UK’s technical skills shortage and encourage more people to pursue a career in construction.
How Will the New Apprenticeship Levy Work?
From 6th April 2017, all employers will pay 0.5% of any wage bill over £3 million into the government’s new apprenticeship service, which will help to cover the cost of apprenticeship course fees. Companies will be able to access the funds they have paid into the scheme through a new digital account, which can be managed via the Manage Apprenticeships website. The government will top up the amount paid into the account by an additional 10%.
Under the new system, employers that pay the apprenticeship levy will need to approach an apprenticeship training provider and negotiate a cost for delivering the training. From 1 May 2017, training providers must be listed on the register of apprenticeship training providers (RoATP). Organisations that are listed on the RoATP have been through an application process with the SFA that considers due diligence, capability, quality and financial health to assess their capability to deliver high-quality apprenticeship training. Details of the training providers who have been through the application process can also be found on the Find Apprenticeship Training website.
Companies that employ more than 50 people but don’t pay the apprenticeship levy as their annual wage bill is below £3 million will need to pay 10% of the training costs of each apprentice they decide to take on. Small businesses that have fewer than 50 employees will pay no cost towards training an apprentice under 18 or aged 19-24 - providing the cost of the training is within the maximum funding band.
An in-depth guide into the new apprenticeship scheme can be found on the CITB website.
Will the New Apprenticeship Levy Actually Work?
The kind of apprenticeship system needed to bridge the skills gap requires more money per apprentice than the government alone can – or should – spend, and by giving companies more control over the training of their apprenticeships and getting them to contribute towards the cost of training, the potential of the scheme is enormous. Breaking the link between a government-funded system and the apprentice system could also restore a stronger link between business need and apprenticeships, and the new apprenticeship scheme is certainly a step in the right direction.
A high-skilled, flexible workforce is critical to the UK economy and international competitiveness, and the government’s commitment to rebuilding the country’s construction industry infrastructure through professional and technical education is commendable. The new apprenticeship scheme has the potential to lay the foundations for a high-quality apprentice system in the UK and provide the desired quantity and quality of construction apprentices the industry desperately needs. One, national apprenticeship levy funding all apprenticeships could also result in a system that is simpler and easier to implement for businesses that operate across multiple sectors.
There are concerns, however, as well as some opposition to the new scheme. A recent poll of senior decision-makers by City & Guilds revealed that 33% of UK employers that had an annual wage bill of over £3 million and were, therefore, eligible to pay the apprenticeship levy were unaware of its existence. Even more alarmingly, almost a quarter of heads of apprenticeships were also unaware of the new system.
“The lack of awareness is a cause for concern and shows that we still have a hill to climb in convincing people about the benefits apprentices can bring to business,” said Kirstie Donnelly, managing director of City & Guilds.
The general sense of uncertainty surrounding the apprenticeship levy is partly due to the late confirmation of some aspects of its administration. The online registration process employers will need to use to manage apprenticeship funds in their digital account was only launched in February. The name of the scheme was changed in early February from “digital apprenticeship service”, or “DAS”, to “apprenticeship service” – one can only presume to avoid any presumption that the scheme is only for apprenticeships with digital businesses. And to add to the confusion, businesses will have to sign contracts with the Skills Funding Agency (SFA) in order to run new apprenticeships, rather than simply with apprenticeship providers themselves.
“While the overarching principles of the levy and delivering apprenticeships are relatively straightforward, the contractual relationship between the SFA, employer, provider and learner is significant,” said Mark Dawe, chief executive of the Association of Employment and Learning Providers. “This guidance makes clear that the funding is government money with government requirements.”
The report by City & Guilds also found that almost two-thirds of employers would not be employing a larger number of apprentices as a direct result of the levy, despite the government campaign to ensure three million apprenticeship starts by 2020. City & Guilds also found that 15% of employers surveyed would not cut other recruitment schemes to pay for the apprenticeship levy.
“There’s a real concern about how organisations will fund apprenticeship salaries and training,” said Sue Evans, head of HR and OD at Warwickshire County Council.
“The government has taken a slice of our budgets in order to pay the apprenticeships levy, but many will not be able to recoup it because they can’t hit the targets that have set. So organisations will simply create apprenticeships out of their existing workforce, which is a dodge to get the money back, and not in the spirit of apprenticeships.
“Ultimately, the apprenticeship levy is badly thought through and, although the mechanism to remove money from employers is now in place, the mechanism for us to recoup it is still not ready. The demoralising thing is that we have been talking to the government for a long time about our concerns and the unintended consequences of the levy, and they have not listened.”
Arguably the biggest barrier to success for the new apprenticeship levy is, as is so often the case, the cost of the scheme. Numerous business groups have raised concerns about the true nature of the levy, with many viewing it as simply another tax being introduced at the same time as other measures including a higher National Living Wage and new reporting requirements on gender pay.
Neil Carberry of the Confederation of Business Industry (CBI), said: "For the levy to be a success, it must deliver long-lasting careers and close skills gaps, not just create more apprenticeships.
"As it stands, there is a genuine risk that firms aren't going to be able to use their funds if the system does not deliver the training apprentices need."
Meanwhile, Trade Union Centre’s (TUC) general secretary Frances O'Grady said: "It's good news for workers, who will have more opportunities to gain the skills needed for better-paid jobs. And it's good news for businesses as their productivity will improve with a higher skilled workforce.
"The Government must now look at ways to make sure that all apprenticeships are of high quality. And we need action to improve access to apprenticeships for groups of workers including women, disabled people and black, Asian and minority ethnic workers."
It’s vitally important that the new levy and CITB levy are fully differentiated or combined in such a manner that is transparent and offers employers genuine value for money. Failure to do so may lead to the general perception that apprenticeships are too expensive to implement. And if that happens, it could spell the end of the scheme before it has even begun.
High-quality apprenticeships
The UK government’s determination to create an additional three million apprenticeships underlines the importance of vocational training as a route to employment. However, as well as setting ambitious recruitment targets, we must ensure that the standard of apprenticeships is of the required quality to have a real and positive impact on the industry.
Many of the UK’s “apprenticeship programmes” would not be viewed as genuine apprenticeships in some other European countries, and there is an enormous discrepancy in pay, duration, training and quality between apprenticeships in different sectors. A prime example of this discrepancy can be found in the engineering sector, where more half of the apprenticeships offered are at level 3, compared to 22% in customer service and 13% in hospitality and catering. While an engineering apprentice undertakes an average of 10 hours a week in off-the-job learning, a retail or customer service apprentice does around two hours a week. It is this discrepancy – and the financial motivation for apprenticeship training companies to promote quicker, easier and less challenging apprenticeship schemes that has led to the huge skills gap facing the industry.
The government’s new role in the apprenticeship scheme should be focussed on encouraging employers to offer apprenticeships and ensure that they have a full understanding of the intended aims of apprenticeships. But under the new rules employers are now in the driving seat when it comes to how the training is delivered, and that can only be a good thing for the industry. It should help raise the quality of apprenticeships and ensure that the training meets the needs of the individual business and the industry as a whole.
Early Awareness is Crucial to the Success of the System
Apprenticeships offer a fantastic opportunity for young people to acquire the skills and experience they need to thrive in employment and, along with work experience placements, they are often the first taste of a real working environment that young people have had. However, a number of surveys show that relatively few teachers advise their pupils about the benefits of undertaking apprenticeships; in some cases, students are actively discouraged from pursuing apprenticeship options in favour of a more traditional, educational route into employment. The Edge Foundation’s survey of 18-33-year-olds in employment found that of those who followed a vocational path, 26.5% claimed their school actively discouraged their decision. The survey also revealed that only 7% of existing apprentices were encouraged to pursue an apprenticeship by their school or college.
In order to improve awareness of the enormous benefits that apprenticeships offer – both for employers and prospective employees – teachers need to be aware of the benefits themselves. By raising the level of understanding and knowledge of apprenticeships across the educational sector, teachers and other educational professionals will be in a better position to provide impartial advice about high-quality apprenticeships and technical degrees, as well as the more traditional academic routes to university. Apprenticeships should be considered a key route to further education and be fully signposted to pupils and parents.
Final Thoughts
The contribution that apprentices make to the UK construction industry should be valued and encouraged; the apprenticeship scheme is the pipeline that is, in part, responsible for bringing future talent into the industry, and by focussing on and increasing the number of apprenticeships, breaking the link between the UK government and the apprenticeship scheme and giving organisations greater control over the management and fulfilment of their training requirements, the first steps have been made in the rebuilding of the apprenticeship system. Whether or not the ambitious target of 450,000 new science, engineering and technology technicians recruited by 2020 will be met – or is even achievable – remains to be seen, but the new apprenticeship scheme has at least given the industry a fighting chance.
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